Prevalence of the Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi in Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 

This study examines the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Salmonella typhi and paratyphi strains in Pakistan over the past decade, including the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). The analysis found significant resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics for S. typhi, including nalidixic acid, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and meropenem. In S. typhi, 29% and 25% of patients had multidrug resistance and 25% had extensive drug resistance. The findings highlight the need for updated treatment guidelines and continued research, policy intervention, and international cooperation to protect public health and manage enteric fever effectively.