Detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using advanced spectroscopic techniques: A review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern, causing increased morbidity and mortality rates. Traditional AST methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Advanced spectroscopic techniques like mass spectrometry (MS), infrared (IR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have shown promising results in detecting AMR and conducting AST, making them attractive for future research.