A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Paradigms in Microbial Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance: Beyond Traditional Cultural Methods

Microbial detection and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance are crucial for public health efforts. Traditional methods are laborious and limited, leading to the emergence of innovative approaches. Molecular-based techniques, mass spectrometry-based methods, and nanotechnology approaches offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity for rapid identification of pathogens and AMR determinants. However, challenges like cost, standardization, and integration with healthcare systems must be addressed to fully realize these technologies’ potential.