Metagenomic analysis of human, animal, and environmental samples identifies potential emerging pathogens, profiles antibiotic resistance genes, and reveals horizontal gene transfer dynamics

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat due to the rapid spread of drug-resistant bacteria. A study in Nepal found a complex interplay of pathogenic bacteria, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance genes. Prevotella spp. was the dominant gut bacterium in human samples, while phages and viruses were detected. Poultry samples had the highest number of ARG subtypes, suggesting intensive antibiotic use in poultry production may contribute to AMR dissemination. The study emphasizes the need for robust surveillance systems, judicious antibiotic use, and improved hygiene practices to mitigate AMR’s impact on public health.