Strategies for Overcoming Bacterial Resistance to Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review

This systematic review evaluates strategies to combat bacterial resistance to nanoparticles, focusing on nanoparticle composition, functionalization, and targeted resistance mechanisms. Advanced formulations, such as silver-cyanographene conjugates, lanthanum-functionalized graphene oxide, and carbon nanogels, showed enhanced efficacy against resistant strains. However, challenges like variability, limited scalability, and long-term ecological impacts remain. The review highlights the need for standardized protocols and clinical translation.