Transfer dynamics of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacteria

This review explores the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in gram-negative bacteria (GNBs) through mobile genetic elements (MGEs), focusing on plasmids and phages. It discusses the role of non-antibiotic chemicals, environmental factors affecting ARG transfer frequency, and molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance evolution. The study also examines fitness costs and compensatory evolution driven by MGEs in host organisms. The review emphasizes the need for holistic One-Health strategies to tackle AMR.